Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a category of conditions that can induce scarring in the lungs. Scar tissue in the lungs impairs their ability to transport oxygen, make it difficult to breathe normally. The lung interstitium is the area between the air sacs and the small blood veins that surround them. Scarring in ILDs causes tissue damage in or around the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) and airways. It includes connective tissue. When a person breathes, oxygen from the air travels via the air sacs and lung interstitium to the bloodstream. At the same time, carbon dioxide passes from your blood to the lung interstitium and then into the air sacs. ILDs could be mild, severe, or even lethal. The symptoms are dry cough, excessive weariness, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

There are various types of ILDs. ILDs can be caused by genetics, lifestyle, the environment, medications, or other medical disorders.

A potentially fatal lung damage known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is caused by a fluid leak into the lungs. The body is unable to take in oxygen and it becomes difficult to breathe. The majority of ARDS patients are admitted to the hospital due to trauma or diseases.

Symptoms

Low blood pressure

Confusion and extreme fatigue

Fingernails and lips may turn bluish

Severe shortness of breath

Laboured and unusually rapid breathing

Polysomnography or sleep study has become science itself in the modern-day medical world. Sleep-related disorders, mainly Sleep Apnoea Syndrome, are very common in obese patients and they snore at night. These patients are at very high risk of developing hypertension, paralysis, and thyroid problems. SAS, Narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, periodic limb movement, and UARS are major sleep-related disorders.

Some of the typical signs of sleep disorders are Fatigue during the day; Insomnia, Parasomnias, inability to fall or stay asleep, depression, unusual weight gain, abnormal breathing patterns, the strong desire to take a nap during the day, anxiety, lack of focus, unpleasant urges to move while falling asleep, unusual movement while asleep.

UARS is a condition closely resembling Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), where the relaxation of throat tissues narrows the airway, leading to disrupted sleep and daytime symptoms such as excessive sleepiness. The consequent increase in breathing effort does produce a brief awakening from sleep that is frequently unrecognized by the affected individual, even though the rise in upper airway resistance is insufficient to meet the requirements of the sleep-disordered breathing that defines obstructive sleep apnea. The throat's soft tissue relaxes, narrowing the airway and causing sleep disturbances that impede daytime functioning, including excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep is hampered by this situation repeating itself throughout the night, much like obstructive sleep apnea.

Although they might not be as severe, UARS symptoms are often comparable to those of OSA. Individuals who have unrefreshing sleep syndrome (UARS) typically complain of snoring, cognitive impairment, and frequent arousals from sleep.

Although there are various approaches to treating UARS, adult and paediatric patients receive distinct courses of care. The main treatments for this are oral appliances, sleep surgery, and positive airway pressure therapy.

Blood arteries in the lungs narrow, obstruct, or are damaged in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), one kind of pulmonary hypertension. The lungs' ability to pump blood is slowed by the injury. Lung artery blood pressure increases. In order to pump blood through the lungs, the heart has to work harder. The cardiac muscle gradually weakens and fails due to the additional strain.

Pulmonary hypertension has no known treatment. It can be fatal in certain individuals and worsens gradually. However, there are therapies available to enhance the quality and lengthening of life, life, and make patients better.

Symptoms include shortness of breath during exercise and later during rest, as well as blue or grey skin from low oxygen levels. Also, experience of chest tightness or pain, fainting spells, pounding heartbeat or rapid pulse, swelling in the abdomen legs, and ankles, and Fatigue are noticeable symptoms.

Certain Medical conditions may lead to the development of PAH. Lupus, Schistosomiasis, HIV, liver disease, Scleroderma, Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, Congenital heart disease, and Genetic mutations are the major cause of PAH.

Medications are extremely important in the treatment of PAH. Calcium channel blockers, Balloon Atrial Septostomy (BAS), pulmonary vasodilators, and diuretics are essential medical treatments. When a patient's blood oxygen levels are low, oxygen therapy is administered.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.

TB germs often attack the lungs, but they can attack any region of the body, including the spine, brain and kidney. Not everyone infected with the tuberculosis bacterium becomes ill. As a result, there are two TB-related conditions: latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and TB illness. If not treated appropriately, tuberculosis can be lethal.

Symptoms of tuberculosis include fever, weight loss, blood in cough, chest pain, weariness and night sweats. Many TB patients may not exhibit any symptoms depending on which organ is infected.

Patients with current symptoms and a confirmed infection require anti-tuberculosis therapy that consists of several medications. For TB, antituberculosis treatment gives effective results.

A Pulmonary Embolism occurs when a blood clot blocks one or more of the lungs' arteries.

A pulmonary embolism is typically caused by blood clots traveling from the legs or, in rare cases, other regions of the body (deep vein thrombosis or DVT).

A pulmonary embolism can have fatal consequences. Seek immediate medical treatment if a patient has unexplained shortness of breath, chest pain, fast heart rate or palpitations, fainting, and dry cough. Urgent intervention with medicines and therapy to clear the clot and prevent its recurrence. Prompt therapy to dissolve the clot significantly minimizes the risk of mortality. This could be accomplished with blood thinners, medicines, or surgeries. Regular exercise and compression stockings and can help prevent clots from developing in the initial phase.

The most often used medications in PE are anticoagulants. Unwanted side effects from taking blood-clotting inhibitors. The most prevalent issue is excessive bleeding, which can be extremely hazardous.

The pleura resembles a broad sheet of tissue that wraps around the outside of the lungs and lines the interior of the chest. It is a membrane that borders the thoracic cavity and protects the lungs.

Pleural diseases are categorized into various types, including, Pleurisy, pneumothorax, effusion, hemothorax, and pleural tumours. Most of all these diseases include common symptoms like cough, unexplained weight loss, fever and chills, sore throat, rapid and shallow breathing, fatigue, fast heart rate and cyanosis.

In addition to treating the underlying condition, the particular therapy of pleural effusion spans from pleurodesis to thoracoscopy to the implantation of a permanently indwelling pleural catheter. The prior consultation of a thoracic surgeon is mandatory for video-assisted thoracoscopy.

Lung cancer is a malignant tumour that develops in the tissues of one or both lungs. Lung cancer is the most frequent type of thoracic cancer, accounting for the majority of cancer deaths among both genders.

Early phases of lung cancer may not present any symptoms. Shortness of breath, chronic cough/wheezing, hoarseness, bone pain, weariness, and loss of appetite/weight are all possible symptoms as the condition develops. Patients who smoke, have a high-risk medical history or exhibit these symptoms should consult with their doctors regarding thoracic and lung cancer testing.

Cancer treatment is most effective when it is diagnosed and staged early and accurately.